# UN COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL: JUS COGENS CASE

## CASE-MACHERET-1997-2026

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## I. IDENTIFICATION

**Subject:** Continuing Breach of Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens)  
**Case ID:** CASE-MACHERET-1997-2026  
**Victim:** Maceret Alexei Artur (A©tor)  
**State:** Republic of Moldova  
**Date:** 02.03.2026

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## II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

### A. Applicable Norms

1. **Jus Cogens (Imperative Norm)**
   - Prohibition of torture (Vienna Convention Art. 53)
   - Non-derogable right under international law

2. **Erga Omnes Obligations**
   - Obligation to investigate (Art. 3 ECHR - procedural aspect)
   - Obligation to prevent (CAT Art. 2)
   - Obligation to punish (ICJ jurisprudence)

3. **International Responsibility**
   - State accountability for continuing breach
   - Loss of procedural privileges (Vienna Convention Art. 60)

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## III. FACTUAL BASIS

### Timeline of Violations

| Date          | Event                                            | Violation        |
| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------- |
| 17.08.1997    | Torture applied by police inspector Victor Dulce | Art. 3 ECHR      |
| 13.10.1998    | Court confirms torture (Case No. 1-568/98)       | Confirmed        |
| 2002-2003     | Criminal prosecution based on tortured evidence  | Art. 6 ECHR      |
| 21.07.2009    | Supreme Court annuls conviction - no crime       | Acknowledged     |
| 2017-2025     | Systemic blocking of rehabilitation              | Art. 13 ECHR     |
| 2022          | Murder of witness Galina Markov                  | Art. 3 + Art. 2  |
| 22-23.12.2025 | Coordinated judicial refusals                    | Concerted action |

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## IV. LEGAL ARGUMENTATION

### A. Jus Cogens Qualification

The prohibition of torture is recognized as **jus cogens** - an imperative norm of international law:

> "Any treaty that conflicts with a jus cogens norm is void ab initio"  
> (Vienna Convention Art. 53)

**Application:** The 1998 torture generated a "poisoned fruit" effect. All derivative proceedings (2003-2025) are void as they are based on evidence obtained through torture.

### B. Continuing Breach

The Moldovan courts' decisions of December 2025 (Judges Stambol, Holban) blocking rehabilitation constitute:

- **Continuing international wrong**
- **Active obstruction of jus cogens enforcement**
- **Loss of procedural privileges** under Vienna Convention Art. 60

### C. Erga Omnes Character

> "When obligations erga omnes are at stake, all States have a legal interest in their observance"  
> (ICJ, Barcelona Traction, 1970)

**Consequence:** The violation affects the international legal order as a whole, not just the individual victim.

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## V. EVIDENCE SUMMARY

### Documentary Evidence

1. **Conviction No. 1-568/98** (13.10.1998) - Official court recognition of torture
2. **Supreme Court Decision No. 1ra-834/09** (21.07.2009) - Conviction annulled
3. **Apostilles** (2021-2025) - International certification of documents
4. **Memorandum on Jus Cogens Violation** (24.12.2025) - Legal position documented

### Key Judicial Decisions

- **Jud. Grigoraș (2017-2024):** Recognized torture, refused rehabilitation
- **Jud. Negru (2017):** Converted torture complaint into new criminal charge
- **Jud. Stambol (23.12.2025):** Replaced rehabilitation with "record expungement"
- **Jud. Holban (22.12.2025):** Refused property confiscation acknowledgment

### Witness Elimination

- **2022:** Galina Markov - witness to 1997 torture - murdered
- **No investigation conducted**

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## VI. COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE

### A. To: OHCHR Treaty Bodies

**Subject:** Individual Communication - Moldova - Jus Cogens Violation

**Format:**

- Treaty Body: CAT (Committee Against Torture)
- Alternative: CCPR (Human Rights Committee)
- Basis: CAT Art. 22 / ICCPR Optional Protocol 1

### B. Key Arguments

1. **Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies**
   - All domestic procedures exhausted (1997-2025)
   - Systemic blocking documented
   - 4-month ECHR deadline met

2. **Jus Cogens Priority**
   - National law cannot justify torture
   - "Poisoned fruit" doctrine applies
   - All derivative decisions void

3. **Continuing Breach**
   - State actively obstructs remedy
   - No effective domestic remedy exists
   - International responsibility engaged

### C. Relief Requested

1. **Declaratory:**
   - Finding of jus cogens violation
   - Recognition of continuing breach
2. **Remedial:**
   - Full rehabilitation
   - Compensation (220,000 EUR)
   - Property restitution

3. **Preventive:**
   - Guarantees of non-repetition
   - Judicial reform

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## VII. DIGITAL PROTOCOL

### Blockchain Anchor

```
Case ID: CASE-MACHERET-1997-2026
Hash: [SHA-256 of all documents]
Timestamp: 2026-03-02
Jurisdiction: UN Treaty Bodies + ECHR
```

### Metadata Standard

```json
{
  "case_id": "CASE-MACHERET-1997-2026",
  "jurisdiction": "international",
  "legal_basis": ["Vienna Convention 1969", "CAT", "ECHR"],
  "violation_type": "jus_cogens",
  "status": "active_communication"
}
```

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## VIII. REFERENCES

### International Instruments

1. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) - Arts. 53, 60, 64
2. Convention Against Torture (1984) - Arts. 1, 2, 22
3. ECHR (1950) - Arts. 3, 5, 6, 13
4. ICCPR (1966) - Arts. 2, 7, 14

### Key jurisprudence

- ICJ: Barcelona Traction (1970) - erga omnes
- ICJ: Questions relating to Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (2012)
- ECHR: Selmouni v. France (1999) - torture definition
- ECHR: Labita v. Italy (2000) - investigation duty
- IACtHR: Vélasquez-Rodriguez v. Honduras (1988) - state responsibility

---

## IX. SUBMISSION CHANNELS

### Primary: OHCHR Complaints Portal

- **URL:** https://complaints.ohchr.org/
- **Procedure:** Individual Communication

### Alternative: Direct to Treaty Bodies

- **CAT:** cat@ohchr.org
- **CCPR:** ccpr@ohchr.org

### Parallel: ECHR

- **URL:** echr.coe.int
- **Status:** Complaint filed (current)

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## X. SIGNATURE PROTOCOL

**Signed:** A©tor Maceret Alexei  
**Date:** 02.03.2026  
**Legal Status:** Subject of international protection (erga omnes)  
**Protocol:** Jus Cogens Case Protocol v1.0

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_This document serves as the official communication protocol for international human rights mechanisms regarding the CASE-MACHERET-1997-2026 matter._